3

Silent Theft. David Bollier, Silent Theft: The Private Plunder of Our Common Wealth (Routledge, 2002).

4

Market/State duopoly . For a longer discussion of the Market/State duopoly, see Burns H. Weston and David Bollier, Green Governance: Ecological Survival, Human Rights and the Law of the Commons (Cambridge University Press, 2013), especially pp. 20-23 and pp. 178-180 (referred to in this book as the “State/Market duopoly).

7

The Wealth of the Commons. David Bollier and Silke Helfrich, editors, The Wealth of the Commons: A World Beyond Market and State (Levellers Press, 2012).

8

Global movement of commoners. See the websites for the International Commons Conference in November 2010, at http://www.boell.de/en/wirtschaft-soziales-commons-landingpage-englisch; and the website for the Economics and the Commons Conference, at http://www.boell.de/en/economics-and-commons. See also the Epilogue to The Wealth of the Commons, pp. 435-438.

9-11

Seed-sharing in Erakulapally, India. This account derives from a personal visit to the village in January 2011. A longer account can be found at Bollier.org, “The Seed-Sharing Solution,” at http://bollier.org/seed-sharing-solution.

12-14

The rise of GNU/Linux. There are many accounts of the origins and development of the GNU Project and Linux. Among the better ones: Glyn Moody: rebel Code: Inside Linux and the Open Source Revolution (Perseus, 2001); Steen Weber, The Success of Open Source (Harvard University Press, 2004); and Sam Williams, Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman’s Crusade for Free Software (O’Reilly & Associates, 2002).

15

Collective-action problems. Wikipedia has a helpful summary of the frameworks and literature that address collection-action problems, at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_action.

Pink Lake, Senegal. The extraction of salt from Pink Lake is discussed in a chapter, “Salt and Trade at the Pink Lake: Community Subsistence in Senegal,” in David Bollier and Silke, editors, The Wealth of the Commons: A World Beyond Market and State (Levellers Press, 2012), pp. 21-276.

16-17

The Wolfpak surfers of Oahu, Hawaii. David Bollier, “A Surfing Commons in Hawaii,” at http://onthecommons.org/magazine/surfing-commons-hawaii. Matt Higgins, “Rough Waves, Tougher Beaches,” The New York Times, January 23, 2009, at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/23/sports/othersports/23surfing.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

17-18

Boston neighborhoods and parking spaces as commons. Personal conversation with Elinor Ostrom at Harvard University, 2008.  See also Jess Bidgood, "Efforts to Mark Turf When Snowstorms Hit Endure Despite Critics," The New York Times, February 15, 2014, p. A8.

18

Vernacular Law. For a longer analysis of Vernacular Law, see Burns H. Weston and David Bollier, Green Governance: Ecological Survival, Human Rights and the Law of the Commons (Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 10-4-11 and pp. 229-230. For more, see W. Michael Reisman, Law in Brief Encounters (1999); Robert C. Ellickson, Order Without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes (Harvard University Press, 1991); Robert C. Ellickson, The Household: Informal Order Around the Hearth (Princeton University Press, 2008).

19

“No commons without commoning.” Peter Linebaugh, “Some Principles of the Commons,” Counterpunch, January 8-10, 2010, available at http://www.counterpunch.org/2010/01/08/ some-principles-of-the-commons. As Linebaugh puts it in his book, The Magna Carta Manfesto (p. 45): “Commoners think first not of title deeds, but of human deeds: How will this land be tilled? Does it require manuring? What grows there? They begin to explore. You might call it a natural attitude.”

21-24

The “tragedy of the commons” essay . Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” 162 Science (December 13, 1968), pp. 1243-1248.

24-25

William Forster Lloyd. Lewis Hyde, Common as Air: Revolution, Art and Ownership (Farrar Straus Giroux, 2010), pp. 33-34.

25

Lewis Hyde quotation. Lewis Hyde, Common as Air: Revolution, Art and Ownership (Farrar Straus Giroux, 2010), p. 44.

26

Homo economicus. There is a large literature refuting the idea of Homo economicus, particularly in behavioral economics and complexity theory economics but also in realms outside of economics such as anthropology and social psychology. See, e.g., Daniel Kahneman,Thinking, Fast and Slow (Farrrar Straus Giroux, 2011); Robert Nelson,Economics as Religion: From Samuelson to Chicago and Beyond (Pennsylvania State University, 2001); Eric D. Beinhocker, The Origin of Wealth: Evolution, Complexity and the Radical Remaking of Economics (Harvard Business School Press, 2006); and Friederike Habermann, “We Are Not Born as Egoists,” in David Bollier and Silke Helfrich, editors, The Wealth of the Commons: A World Beyond Market and State (Levellers Press, 2012), pp. 13-18.

26

Economics textbooks. Paul A. Samuelson and William D. Nordhaus, Economics, 17^th edition (McGraw-Hill, 2001); and Joseph E. Stiglitz and Carl. E. Walsh, Economics, 3d edition (W.W. Norton, 2002).

26

Elinor Ostrom. For a good overview of Ostrom’s life and scholarship, see Derek Wall, The Sustainable Economics of Elinor Ostrom: Commons, Contestation and Craft (MIT Press, 2014).

27

Hardin’s acknowledgment about “unmanaged commons.” Garrett Hardin, “Extension of The Tragedy of the Commons,” 1126 Science (May 1, 1998), pp. 682-683. Also available at http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/articles/art_extension_tragedy_commons.html.

27

Nancy Folbre quotation. From the obituary by Catherine Rampell, “Elinor Ostrom, Winner of Nobel in Economics, Dies at 78,” The New York Times, June 12, 2012, at http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/business/elinor-ostrom-winner-of-nobel-in-economics-dies-at-78.html.

28

Governing the Commons . Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Cambridge University Press, 1990).

28

Ostrom examples of successful commons. See Governing the Commons: Törbel, Switzerland, pp. 61-66; heurta in Spain, pp 59-61 and ppp. 71-82; and Los Angeles groundwater, 104-106.

29

Ostrom’s design principles for successful commons. See Governing the Commons, pp. 88-102, but especially Table 3.1, “Design Principles Illustrated by Long-Enduring CPR Institutions,” on p. 90.

31

Ostrom-founded institutions . Workshop on Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University:

Digital Library on the Commons:  http://http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu.

International Association for the Study of the Commons:  http://www.iasc-commons.org.

32

Ostrom’s life after winning the Nobel Prize. See her obituary by Catherine Rampell, “Elinor Ostrom, Winner of Nobel in Economics, Dies at 78,” The New York Times, June 12, 2012, at http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/business/elinor-ostrom-winner-of-nobel-in-economics-dies-at-78.html. See also Derek Wall’s book, The Sustainable Economics of Elinor Ostrom: Commons, Contestation and Craft (Routledge, 2014).

33

Global commons movement. For a taste of global commons activism, see notes on page 8, especially the conference report on the Economics and the Commons Conference, Berlin, Germany, May 22-24, 2013.

34

Shadow Work.  Ivan Illich, Shadow Work (Marion Boyars, 1981).

34

Trent Schroyer quotation. Trent Schroyer, Beyond Western Economics: Remembering Other Economic Cultures (Routledge, 2009), p. 69.

35

Urban gardens in NYC. Elizabeth Tehle Peters and Ellen Kirby, editors, Community Gardening (Brooklyn Botanic Garden All-Region Guide, 2008).

35

Enclosures of coastal fishery commons. See, e.g., Daniel Pauly, 5 Easy Pieces: The Impact of Fisheries on Marine Ecosystems (The State of the World’s Oceans), (Island Press, 2010). See also Callan J. Chythlook-Sifsof, “Native Alaska, Under Threat,” The New York Times, June 27, 2013, at http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/28/opinion/native-culture-under-threat.html?_r=0. For a description of a successful fisheries commons, see Gloria L. Gallardo Fernández & Eva Friman, “Capable Leadership, Institutional Skills and Resource Abundance Behind Flourishing Coasting Marine Commons in Chile,” at http://wealthofthecommons.org/essay/capable-leadership-institutional-skills-and-resource-abundance-behind-flourishing-coastal.

35

Digital commons portrayed as “piracy.” Copyright industries routinely fail to mention the fair use rights of users, implying that all unauthorized uses of copyrighted works constitute “piracy.” This simply is not true. See also Tarleton Gillespie, “Characterizing Copyright in the Classroom: The Cultural Work of Anti-Piracy Campaigns,” Communication, Culture and Critique, vol. 2, no. 3 (September 2009), pp. 274-318, cited in Lewis Hyde, Common As Air: Revolution Art and Ownership (Farrar Straus Giroux, 2010), pp. 6-10.

38-9

Enclosure in Camberwall, Austria. Nick O’Malley, “Villagers Fuming Agfter Their Commons Is Handed to Mine,” Sydney Morning Herald, April 16, 2010, at http://www.smh.com.au/environment/villagers-fuming-after-their-common-is-handed-to-mine-20100415-shs4.html

39

Mining Act of 1872 (US): Carl J. Mayer and George A. Riley, Public Domain, Private Dominion: A History of Public Mineral Policy in America (Sierra Club, 1985); see also Robert McClure and Andrew Schneider, “The General Mining Act of 1872 Has Left a Legacy of Riches and Ruins,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, June 10, 2001, at http://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/The-General-Mining-Act-of-1872-has-left-a-legacy-1056919.php.

Public forests. Richard W. Behan, Plundered Promise: Capitalism, Politics and the Fate of the Federal Lands (Island Press, 2001); Harold K. Steen, The U.S. Forest Service: A History (University of Washington Press, 1976).

Oil drilling in wilderness areas. See, e.g., “Arctic Refuge Drilling Controversy,” Wikipedia, at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy.

Industrial trawlers of coastal fisheries. See note on page 35.

Water bottlers and groundwate. Alan Snitow, Deborah Kaufman and Michael Fox, Thirst: Fighting the Corporate Theft of Our Water (Jossey-Bass, 2007); Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke, Blue Gold: The Fight to Stop the Corporate Theft of the World’s Water (New Press, 2002); and Elizabeth Royte, Bottlemania: Big Business, Local Springs and the Battle Over America’s Drinking Water (Bloomsbury, 2008).

Maristella Svampa of Argentina, on neo-extractivism. “Commons Beyond Development: The Strategic Value of the Commons as a Paradigm Shift in Latin America,” Remarks at Economics and the Commons Conference, Berlin, Germany, May 23, 2013. YouTube video at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2YGN78ouGE&feature=player_embedded - t=0 Presentation slides: http://boellblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/OpeningSession_SvampaMaristella_22052013_2.pdf

Conga mining project in Peru: See Wikipedia entry, “Conga Project,” at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conga_Project.

Belo Monte dam in Brazil. Gerhard Dilger, “Belo Monte, or the Destruction of the Commons,” in David Bollier and Silke Helfrich, editors, The Wealth of the Commons: A World Beyond Market and State (Levellers Press, 2012), at http://wealthofthecommons.org/essay/belo-monte-or-destruction-commons.

Road construction through TIPNIS in Bolivia. See Emily Achtenberg, Rebel Currents, “Bolivia: TIPNIS Road on Hold Until Extreme Poverty Eliminated,” NACLA April 25, 2013, at http://nacla.org/blog/2013/4/25/bolivia-tipnis-road-hold-until-extreme-poverty-eliminated.

41

Massimo de Angelis quotation. Massimo De Angelis, “Opposing Fetishism by Reclaiming Our Powers: The Social Forum movement, capitalist markets and the politics of alternatives,” January 13, 2005, at http://www.openspaceforum.net/twiki/tiki-print_article.php?articleId=23.

41-42

English enclosure movement. There are many useful books on this subject, but among the better ones are Peter Linebaugh,The Magna Carta Manifesto: Liberties and Commons for All (University of California Press, 2008); Christopher Hill,The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas During the English Revolution (Penguin, 1972); and Karl Polanyi,The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Beacon Press, 1944, 1957); Silvia Federici, Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation (Autonomedia, 2004); and Richard Burt and John Michael Archer, editors, Enclosure Acts: Sexuality, Property and Culture in Early Modern England (Cornell University Press, 1994). See also Derek Wall, The Commons in History: Culture, Conflict and Ecology (MIT Press, 2014).

42

“Stealing the goose” poem. An anonymous poem whose earliest dating is 1821, by Edward Birch in Tickler Magazine, February 1821, p. 45, as cited by James Boyle, “The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain,” in 66 Law and Contemporary Problems No. 1 and 2 (Winter/Spring 2003), available at http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/66LCPBoyle.

42-43

Subsistence of English commoners. “Enclosures from the Bottom Up,” Radical History Review Issue 108 (Fall 2010), pp. 11-27.

44

The Great Transformation. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Beacon Press, 1944, 1957).

45

Karl Marx and the commons. See, e.g., Rethinking Marxism, vol. 22, no. 3 (July 2010), “Editors’ Introduction, by Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, at http://www.scribd.com/doc/83218144/Rethinking-Marxism-Vol-22-Nr-3-July-2010-Special-Issue-on-the-Common-and-the-Forms-of-the-Commune; David Bollier, “Michel Bauwens on Marxism, Commons and Capitalism” [blog post], January 5, 2012, at http://bollier.org/michel-bauwens-marxism-capitalism-and-commons.

45

International Land Grab. See, e.g., Liz Alden Wily, “The Global Land Grab: The New Enclosures,” in The Wealth of the Commons: A World Beyond Market and State (Levellers Press, 2012), pp. 132 – 140. See also Liz Alden Wily, “The Law is to Blame: Taking a Hard Look at the Vulnerable Status of Customary Land Rights,” Africa Development and Change vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 733-757; and Fred Pearce, The Landgrabbers: The New Fight Over Who Owns the Earth (Transworld Publishers/Eden Project Books, UK, 2012).

46

Statistics on dimensions of the land grab. Liz Alden Wily, “The Tragedy of Public Lands: The Fate of the Commons Under Global Commercial Pressure,” International Land Coalition (January 2011), at http://www.ibcperu.org/doc/isis/13585.pdf.

47

Liz Alden Wily quotation. See citation for p. 46.

47

Privatization of water. Alan Snitow, Deborah Kaufman and Michael Fox, Thirst: Fighting the Corporate Theft of Our Water (Jossey-Bass, 2007); Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke, Blue Gold: The Fight to Stop the Corporate Theft of the World’s Water (New Press, 2002); and Elizabeth Royte, Bottlemania: Big Business, Local Springs and the Battle Over America’s Drinking Water (Bloomsbury, 2008).

48

Water war in Cochabamba, Bolivia. See Wikipedia entry, “2000 Cochabamba Protests,” at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Cochabamba_protests.

49

T. Boone Pickens’ water holdings. Susan Berfield, “There Will Be Water,” BloombergBusinessWeek magazine, June 11, 2008, at http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-06-11/there-will-be-water

49

Municipalities and water. See various reports by Food and Water Watch on this topic, such as “Private Equity, Public Inequity: The Public Cost of Private Equity Takeovers of U.S. Water Infrastructure,” August 22, 2012, at http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/reports/private-equity-public-inequity; and “Borrowing Trouble: Water Privatization Is a False Solution for Municipal Budget Shortfalls,” April 4, 2013, at http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/reports/borrowing-trouble-water-privatization-is-a-false-solution-for-municipal-budget-shortfalls.

49-50

Corporate culling of apple diversity. Mark Kurlansky, The Food of a Younger Land (Penguin, 2009). Verlyn Klinkenborg, “Apples, Apples, Apples,” The New York Times, November 6, 2009, p. A30, at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/06/opinion/06fri4.html?_r=2&scp=1&sq=verlyn%20apples&st=cse&.

50

The monoculture of Cavendish bananas. Mike Peed, “We Have No Bananas,” The New Yorker, January 10, 2011, p. 28, at http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/01/10/110110fa_fact_peed. See also Dan Koeppel, “The Beginning of the End for Bananas,” The Scientist, July 22, 2011, at http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/30953/title/The-Beginning-of-the-End-for-Bananas-.

51

The One-Time Diversity of American Food. Mark Kurlansky, The Food of a Younger Land (Riverhead Books, 2009).

51

On the proliferation of fast food. Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal (Houghton-Mifflin, 2001), especially Chapter 10, “Global Realization,” pp. 225-254.

52

Enclosures of outer space. Shane Chaddha, “A Tragedy of the Space Commons?” at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1586643.H.A. Baker, Space Debris: Legal and Policy Implications (1988).

52

Enclosures of cell lines, genes and enetically engineered mammals. See, e.g., Melinda Cooper, Life As Surplus: Biotechnology and Capitalism in the Neoliberal Era (University of Washington Press, 2008); and Catherine Waldby and Robert Mitchell, Tissue Economies: Blood, Organs and Cell Lines in Late Capitalism (Duke University Press, 2006).

52

Enclosures of nanomatter. ETC Group Report, “Nanotech’s ‘Second Nature’ Patents: Implications for the Global South,” ETC Group Special Report – Communiqués No. 87 and 88, March/April and May/June 2005.

52

Financialization of nature. Antonio Tricarico, “The Coming Financial Enclosure of the Common,” in David Bollier and Silke Helfrich, editors, The Wealth of the Commons: A World Beyond Market and State (Levellers Press, 2012), pp. 147-156, available at http://wealthofthecommons.org/essay/coming-financial-enclosure-commons.

53

Ownership of words, colors and smells. See David Bollier, Brand Name Bullies: The Quest to Own and Control Culture (Wiley, 2008), pp. 211-220. See also, Faye M. Hammersley, “The Smell of Success: Trade Dress Protection for Scent Marks,” 2 Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review 105 (1998); Florent Latrive, “The Smell of Cut Grass Privatized,” December 6, 2003, at http://www.truth-out.org/archive/item/46433:the-smell-of-cut-grass-privatized.

55

Enclosures of urban spaces. Margaret Kohn, “The Mauling of Public Space,” Dissent, Spring 2001, pp. 71-77. See also Christian Iaione, “City as a Commons,” available at http://www.collective-action.info/conference/sites/default/files/Iaione_prelversion.pdf.

55

Naming rights to stadia. Wikipedia, “List of sports venues with sole naming rights,” December 12, 2013, available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_venues_with_sole_naming_rights.

56-57

Starbucks’ enclosure of the café experience. Leslie Wayne, “Starbucks Chairman Fears Tradition is Fading,” The New York Times, February 24, 2007.

57-58

Pulska Grupa statement, Kommunal Urbanism Social Charter. As cited in David Bollier, “Re-imagining Urban Design and City Life,” September 2, 2011, at http://bollier.org/re-imagining-urban-design-and-city-life.

58

Occupy movement and public space. See, e.g., David Graeber, The Democracy Project: A History, a Crisis, a Movement (Spiegel & Grau, 2013)

58

Right to the City movement. See “Right to the City” entry, Wikipedia, at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_the_city. World Charter for the Right to the City, at http://tint.org/2011/10/world-charter-for-the-right-to-the-city.

59

Infrastructure. See the “Infrastructure” section of the report on the “Economics and the Commons Conference,” at http://www.boell.de/en/economics-and-commons. See also Brett M. Frischmann, Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared Resources (Oxford University Press, 2012).

59-60

Microsoft monopoly over computer desktops. United States v. Microsoft Corp., 84 F. Supp. 2d 9 (D.D.C. 1999). See also, Jonathan Zittrain, The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It (Yale University Press, 2008), pp. 43-98.

60

Microsoft and open standards. See Glyn Moody’s four-part posts, “How Microsoft Fought True Open Standards,” on ComputerWorld UK website, April 16, 2012, at http://blogs.computerworlduk.com/open-enterprise/2012/04/how-microsoft-lobbied-against-true-open-standards-i/index.htm.

60

Internet as infrastructure (and the “end to end principle”). “End-to-end principle,” Wikipedia entry, at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-to-end_principle.

60-61

Net neutrality. See, e.g., Public Knowledge website, “Network Neutrality,” at http://publicknowledge.org/issues/network-neutrality. See also Robert W. McChesney, Digital Disconnect: How Capitalism is Turning the Internet Against Democracy (New Press, 2013), pp. 118-120.

61

Broadcast deregulation in the 1990s. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 ratified and extended many deregulatory initiatives that President Ronald Reagan has instigated in the 1980s. See Wikipedia entry, “Telecommunications Act of 1996,” at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996.

62

Wall Street privatization of public infrastructure. See Ellen Dannin, “Infrastructure Privatization Contracts and Their Effect on Governance” [report], 2009, at http://inthepublicinterest.org/article/infrastructure-privatization-contracts-and-their-effect-governance. Also, In the Public Interest, “A Guide to Evaluating Public Asset Privatization” [report], 2011, at http://inthepublicinterest.org/article/infrastructure-privatization-contracts-and-their-effect-governance.

63

Public/private partnerships as a form of corporate subsidies. Mary Williams Walsh and Louise Story, “A Stealth Tax Subsidy Faces New Scrutiny,” March 4, 2013, at http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/05/business/qualified-private-activity-bonds-come-under-new-scrutiny.html.

63

Government alliance with banks against homeowners. The literature is growing on this subject, but see, e.g., Yves Smith, Econned (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), and David Streitfeld, “Report Criticizes Banks for Handling of Mortgages,” The New York Times, April 13, 2013, at http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/business/14foreclose.html.

65-66

The copyright history of the song “Happy Birthday.” Robert Brauneis, “Copyright and the World’s Most Popular Song,” GWU Legal Studies Research Paper No. 1111624, October 14, 2010), at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1111624. For more on Jennifer Nelson’s 2013 lawsuit against Warner/Chappell Music, Inc., see Benjamin Weiser, “Birthday Song’s Copyright Leads to a Lawsuit for the Ages,” The New York Times, June 13, 2013, at http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/nyregion/lawsuit-aims-to-strip-happy-birthday-to-you-of-its-copyright.html.

66-67

ASCAP and singing at summer camps. This account is drawn from David Bollier, Brand Name Bullies: The Quest to Own and Control Culture (John Wiley & Sons, 2005), pp. 14-17.See also, Elisabeth Bumiller, “ASCAP Asks Royalties from Girl Scouts, Regrets It,” The New York Times, December 17, 1996, at http://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/17/nyregion/ascap-asks-royalties-from-girl-scouts-and-regrets-it.html; and Ken Ringle, “ASCAP Changes Its Tune: Never Intended to Collect Fees for Scouts’ Campfire Songs, Group Says,” Washington Post, August 28, 1996, pp. C3-C6.

67

Intergenerational borrowing among artists. For more on the inevitable, necessary borrowing needed for “original” creativity, see Siva Vaidhyanathan,Copyrights and Copywrongs: The Rise of Intellectual Property and How It Threatens Creativity (NYU Press, 2001); and Joanna Demers, Steal This Music: How Intellectual Property Affects Musical Creativity (University of Georgia Press, 2006). The music of Bob Dylan is a prime example of artistic re-purposing of existing music. Groucho Marx has an excellent account of how “theft” was critical to vaudevillian comics in developing their own personas, in David Lange, “Recognizing the Public Domain,” 44 Law and Contemporary Problems 4 (1981).

68

Woody Guthrie quotation. Guthrie wrote this line on mimeographed copies of lyrics distributed to fans in the 1930s, according to Pete Seeger in an NPR interview, “Pete Seeger remembers Woody,” (1996).

68

History of copyright law extensions. Three excellent books about the history of copyright law include James Boyle, The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind (Yale University Press, 2008); Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Prometheus Books, 2001); and Siva Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs: The Rise of Intellectual Property and How It Threatens Creativity (NYU Press, 2001). See also the website Copyfight: The Politics of IP at http://copyfight.corante.com.

69

James Boyle’s essay. James Boyle, “The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain,” in 66 Law and Contemporary Problems No. 1 and 2 (Winter/Spring 2003), available at http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/66LCPBoyle.

69

Stewart Brand quotation. The full quotation is: “On the one hand information wants to be expensive, because it's so valuable. The right information in the right place just changes your life. On the other hand, information wants to be free, because the cost of getting it out is getting lower and lower all the time. So you have these two fighting against each other. Brand made this statement to Steve Wozniak, cofounder of Apple Computer, as later recounted in Whole Earth Review, May 1985, p. 49.

70

Entertainment industry, new technologies and copyright. See, e.g., J.D. Lasica, Darknet: Hollywood’s War Against the Digital Generation (John Wiley & Sons, 2005), and James Lardner, Fast Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, and the VCR Wars (W.W. Norton, 1987).

70-71

Walt Disney and copyright law. There is an extensive literature on copyright term extension and the Eldred v. Ashcroft lawsuit, and on the Walt Disney Company’s role in copyright policy. Among the highlights: Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2001), F.3d 849 (2001). A legal archive on the case can be found at http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft. For Disney’s behavior toward perceived copyright violators, see Bob Levin, The Pirates and the Mouse: Disney’s War Against the Counterculture (Fantagraphic Books, 2003).

72

Mattel and trademark bullying. See David Bollier, Brand Name Bullies: The Quest to Own and Control Culture (John Wiley & Sons, 2005), pp. 84-93 and 265 (endnotes). Mattel’s aggressive legal actions against perceived trademark violators of the Barbie doll trademark have been written about extensively. See, e.g., Mattel v. Walking Mountain Productions, 353 F.3d 792 (2003), which issued a stinging rebuke to Mattel for “groundless and unreasonable” litigation against a photographer who had made parody photographs of Barbie dolls.

72

McDonald’s trademark control of “Mc”. David Bollier, Brand Name Bullies: The Quest to Own and Control Culture (John Wiley & Sons, 2005), pp. 211-212 and 293 (endnotes). See also Quality Inns International, Inc. v. McDonald’s Corporation, 695 F. Supp. 198 (1988); Elissa Elan, “What’s in a McName? As Far as McDonald’s Trademarks Are Concerned – Everything,” Nation’s Restaurant News, December 10, 2001, p. 19; Naomi Klein, No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies (Picador, 1999), pp. 177-178.

72

“Voice” and trademark claims. Alexander Zaitchik, “The Village Bully One Voice Under God,” New York Press, April 29, 2003, at http://nypress.com/the-village-bully-one-voice-under-god; Seth Rolbein, “Is Anyone Really Confused?” Cape Cod Voice, November 21, 2002, (now defunct). The rise of “scent marks” – legal protection for proprietary smells – is described in Faye M. Hammersley, “The Smell of Success: Trade Dress Protection for Scent Marks,” 2 Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review 105 (1998); and Florent Latrive, “The Smell of Cut Grass Privatized,” Liberation, December 6, 20003, available at http://www.truth-out.org/archive/item/46433:the-smell-of-cut-grass-privatized.

72-73

The university as a commons. Michael J. Madison, Brett M. Frischmann and Katherine J. Strandburg, “The University as Constructed Cultural Commons,” Washington University Journal of Law and Policy, vol. 30 (2009), at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1256090.

74

The enclosure of academia. An excellent early account is Jennifer Washburn, University, Inc.: The Corporate Corruption of Higher Education Basic Books, 2005). See also Sheldon Krimsky, Science in the Public Interest: Has the Lure of Profits Corrupted Biomedical Research? (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003); Geoffry D. White, Campus, Inc.: Corporate Power in the Ivory Tower (Prometheus Books, 2000); and Derek Bok, Universities in the Marketplace: The Commercialization of Higher Education (Princeton University Press, 2003). See also David Bollier, “The Enclosure of the Academic Commons,” 88 Academe 5 [American Association of University Professors] (September/October 2002), pp. 18-22, at http://www.jstor.org/stable/40252215.

74

Harvard University’s patents on the oncomouse and nanomatter. “Oncomouse,” Wikipedia entry, at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncomouse. ETC Group Report, “Nanotech’s ‘Second Nature’ Patents: Implications for the Global South,” ETC Group Special Report – Communiqués No. 87 and 88, March/April and May/June 2005.

University patents on AIDS drugs. One of the early, most notorious examples of university patents on medicines needed for urgent public health needs was Yale University’s patent on d4T, an antiretroviral drug also known as stavudine or the brand name Zerit. For more, see Donald G. McNeil Jr., “Yale Pressed to Help Cut Drug Costs in Africa,” The New York Times, March 12, 2001, at http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/12/world/yale-pressed-to-help-cut-drug-costs-in-africa.html.

75

Taxpayer-financed research and the resulting drugs. This list comes from work originally done by James Love of the Taxpayers Assets Project and Consumer Project on Technology (both now defunct; Love now directs Knowledge Ecology International, at http://keionline.org). The work is described in greater depth in David Bollier, Silent Theft: The Private Plunder of Our Common Wealth (Routledge, 2002), Chapter 11, “The Giveaway of Federal Drug Research and Information Resources,” pp. 163-172. See also Ralph Nader and James Love, “Looting the Medicine Chest,” The Progressive, February 1993, pp. 26-28; Daniel Newman, “The Great Taxol Giveaway,” Multinational Monitor, May 1992, pp. 17-21.

75

Corporate influence of university research agendas. See the books cited for page. 74. Ignacio Chapela, a microbial ecologist and mycologist at UC Berkeley, because a cause celebre when he was denied tenure in 2003. His work had found transgenic DNA in wild Mexican maize; he and his supporters argued that the University’s extensive ties with the biotechnology industry was a factor in his denial of tenure. See “Ignacio Chapela,” Wikipedia entry, at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Chapela.

75

Marcia Angell on Big Pharma’s corrupting influence on the practice of medicine. Marcia Angell’s pioneering essays on this topic include: “Big Pharma, Bad Medicine,” Boston Review, May 1, 2010, at http://bostonreview.net/angell-big-pharma-bad-medicine; “The Truth About Drug Companies, New York Review of Books, July 15, 2004, at http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2004/jul/15/the-truth-about-the-drug-companies; “Drug Companies & Doctors: A Story of Corruption” [book reviews], New York Review of Books, January 15, 2009, at http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2009/jan/15/drug-companies-doctorsa-story-of-corruption; and “Is Academic Medicine for Sales?” New England Journal of Medicine, May 18, 2000, pp. 1516-1518.

See also Ben Goldacre, Bad Pharma: How Drug Companies Mislead Doctors and Harm Patients (Faber & Faber 2013); and Merrill Goozner, The $800 Million Pill: The Truth Behind the Cost of New Drugs (University of California Press, 2005).

76

The suppression of academic research by corporate partners. See, e.g., David Shenk, “Money + Science = Ethics Problems on Campus, The Nation, March 22, 1999, pp. 11-17. More generally, I summarized many cases of the time in Silent Theft: The Private Plunder of Our Common Wealth (Routledge, 2002), on pp. 142-145.

76

Patent thickets / the “tragedy of the anti-commons. Columbia law professor Michael Heller has been a leading thinker on this topic. A seminal essay was Rebecca Eisenberg and Michael Heller, “Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research,” Science, May 1, 1998, pp. 698-701. See also Michael Heller, The Gridlock Society: How Too Much Ownership Wrecks Markets, Stops Innovation and Costs Lives (Perseus, 2008); and Michael Heller, “The Tragedy of the Anti-Commons,” in The Wealth of the Commons: A World Beyond Market and State (Levellers, 2012), pp. 68-72, at http://wealthofthecommons.org/essay/tragedy-anticommons.

76

Supreme Court ruling on the patentability of human genes. Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, 569 U.S. 12-398 (2013). For an overview of the case, see the Wikipedia entry on it, at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Molecular_Pathology_v._Myriad_Genetics.

78

“The fictional commodities” of people, communities and nature. This concept was first developed by Karl Polanyi in The Great Transformation (Beacon Press, 1944/1957), pp. 72-73 and p. 132.

78

The generativity of commons. The power of commons to generate value -- working outside of a scheme of private property rights, contracts and markets – is mystifying or not interesting to most economists. The study of gift economies and Internet communities (not necessarily in association) can yield some answers to this question, however. A few worthwhile books: Lewis Hyde,The Gift: Imagination and the Erotic Life of Property (Vintage Books, 1979); Jonathan Zittrain,The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It (Yale University Press, 2008); David Graeber,Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value: The False Coin of Our Own Dreams (Palgrave Macmillan, 2001); and David Cheal,The Gift Economy (Routledge, 1988). The classic work on the generativity of (non-market) blood donations is Richard M. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy (Pantheon, 1971).

79

Marx quotation. The full quote is, “All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind.” From Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Communist Manifesto, Chapter 1, “Bourgeois and Proletarians.” A brilliant meditation on this subject is Marshall Berman’s 1982 book, All That is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity (Simon & Schuster, 1982).

81

Homo economicus as an historical aberration. The literature on the fallacies of homo economicus is burgeoning, but here are a few varied selections: Friederike Habermann, “We Are Not Born Egoists,” in Bollier and Helfrich, editors, The Wealth of the Commons: A World Beyond Market and State (Levellers Press, 2012), pp. 13-18, at http://wealthofthecommons.org/essay/we-are-not-born-egoists; Robert H. Nelson,Economics as Religion: From Samuelson to Chicago and Beyond (Pennsylvania State University, 2001; Daniel Kahneman,Thinking Fast and Slow (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011); Alex Pentland, Social Physics: How Good Ideas Spread – The Lessons from a New Science (Penguin, 2014).

82

Petr Kropotkin’s book, Mutual Aid. Kropotkin, Petr, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers/ Extending Horizons Books, reprint of 1914 edition).

82-83

Group selection research in evolutionary sciences. E.O. Wilson, The Social Conquest of Earth (W.W. Norton, 2013). Nowak, Martin A., Super Cooperators: Altruism, Evolution and Why We Need Each Other to Succeed (Free Press, 2011). Elliott Sober and David Sloan Wilson, Unto Others (Harvard University Press, 1998). Bowles, Samuel and Herbert Gintis, The Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution (Princeton University Press, 2011). Gintis, Herbert, Samuel Bowles, et al., Moral Sentiments and Material Interests: The Foundations of Cooperation in Economic Life (MIT Press, 2005). See also books on the culture and politics of cooperation: Natalie Henrich and Joseph Henrich,Why Humans Cooperate: A Cultural and Evolutionary Explanation (Oxford University Press, 2007); Sennett, Richard, Together: The Rituals, Pleasures and Politics of Cooperation (Yale University Press, 2012).

Of course, many scientists remain commitment to the idea of individual selection of evolutionary traits, e.g., Jerry Coyne, Why Evolution Is True (Oxford University Press, 2009). See http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2013/02/26/e-o-wilson-mistakenly-touts-group-selection-again-as-a-key-factor-in-human-evolution.

83

E.O. Wilson and David Sloan Wilson quotation. E.O. Wilson and David Sloan Wilson, “Rethinking the Theoretical Foundation of Sociobiology,” 82 Quarterly Review of Biology 4 (December 2007), pp. 327-348.

83

Humans are hardwired to connect neurologically. See, e.g., Marco Iacoboni, Mirroring People: The Science of How We Connect to Others (Farrar Straus & Giroux, 2008); and Bowles, Samuel and Herbert Gintis, The Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution (Princeton University Press, 2011).

83

Rebecca Solnit on spontaneous altruism in disasters. Rebecca Solnit, A Paradise Built in Hell: The Extraordinary Communities That Arise in Disaster (Penguin, 2010).

83

Martin O. Nowak’s research on “natural cooperation.” Nowak, Martin A., Super Cooperators: Altruism, Evolution and Why We Need Each Other to Succeed (Free Press, 2011).

84

Ostrom’s findings about cooperation. Ostrom’s most notable statement about cooperation was her 1990 book, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Cambridge University Press, 1990). A complete listing of her published works – many with weblinks – can be found on her c.v. at http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/people/lostromcv.htm.

84

The legal history of the commons. Burns H. Weston and David Bollier, Green Governance: Ecological Survival, Human Rights and the Law of the Commons (Cambridge University Press, 2013), Chapter 5, Section B, “A Brief History of Commons Law and the Right to the Environment,” p. 131-145.

85

Informal, oral and social forms of law. See, e.g., Alison Dundes Renteln and Alan Dundes, editors, Folk Law: Essays in the Theory and Practice of Lex Non Scripta (University of Wisconsin Press, 1995); W. Michael Reisman, Law in Brief Encounters (Yale University Press, 1999) for a discussion of informal “micro-law”; and Trent Schroyer, Beyond Weston Economics: Remembering Other Economic Cultures (Routledge, 2009), for a discussion of Ivan Illich and “vernacular law.”

85

David R. Johnson essay. David R. Johnson, “The Life of the Law Online,” 11 First Monday 2 (February 6, 2008), at http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1314/1234.

86

Peter Linebaugh quotation. Peter Linebaugh, The Magna Carta Manifesto: Liberty and Commons for All (University of California Press, 2008), p. 45.

86

Carol Rose quotation. Carol M. Rose, “Comedy of the Commons: Custom, Commerce and Inherently Public Property,” in Property and Persuasion: Essays on the History, Theory and Rhetoric of Ownership (Westview Press, 1994), p. 134.

87

Commons law. For an extended discussion of commons law, see Burns H. Weston and David Bollier, Green Governance: Ecological Survival, Human Rights and the Law of the Commons (Cambridge University Press, 2013), especially pp. 104-112. See also John Clippinger and David Bollier, “The Rise of Digital Common Law: An Argument for Trust Frameworks, Digital Common Law and Digital Forms of Governance,” 2012, at http://idcubed.org/digital-law/the-rise-of-digital-common-law. Of course, the many historical books about the law of commons in England, Europe and other regions of the world are illuminating.

87

Institutes of Justinian. Caesar Flavius Justinian, The Institutes of Justinian with English Introduction, Translation and Notes, translator, Thomas Collett Sandars (William Hein & Co., 1984); also available at http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/535institutes.asp#I.%20Divisions%20of%20Things. See Book I, On Things.

88

Public trust doctrine. The most recent and comprehensive treatment of public trust doctrine is Mary ChristinaWood’s book, Nature’s Trust: Environmental Law for a New Ecological Age (Cambridge University Press, 2013).

88

King John’s treatment of commoners. See, e.g., Peter Linebaugh, The Magna Carta Manifesto: Liberty and Commons for All (University of California Press, 2008), especially Chapter 4, pp. 69-93.

89

The signing of the Magna Carta and the Charter of the Forest. Linebaugh, The Magna Carta Manifesto, pp. 41-43 and elsewhere.

89

Peter Linebaugh quotation. Linebaugh, The Magna Carta Manifesto, p. 45.

90

Dissolution of monasteries and enclosure of the land. Linebaugh, The Magna Carta Manifesto, pp. 48-52. Error: The text should say King Henry VIII, not King Henry III.

91

Silivia Federici’s feminist history of commons. Silivia Federici, Caliban and the Witch: Women, The Body and Primitive Accumulation (Autonomedia, 2004).

91

Lewis Hyde quotation. Lewis Hyde, Common as Air: Revolution, Art and Ownership (Farrar Straus Giroux, 2010), p. 39.

91

Karl Polanyi quotation. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Beacon Press, 1944, 1957), p. 128.

94

On the incompetence and corruption of the regulatory process. Mary Christina Wood makes the pithy judgment: “With few exceptions, [environmental] statutes authorize agencies to issue permits to damage Nature….As long as the decisionmaking frame [for regulation] presumes political discretion to allow damage, it matters little what new laws emerge, for they will develop the same bureaucratic sinkholes that consumed the 1970s laws.. Moreover, a fundamental frame change in the field as a whole stands as the only practical response to an environmental bureaucracy that is now enormous.” Mary Christina Wood, Nature’s Trust: Environmental law for a New Ecological Age (Cambridge University Press, 2013), p. 7 and 13. See also Thomas O. McGarity, Sidney Shapiro and David Bollier, editors, Sophisticated Sabotage: The Intellectual Games Used to Subvert Responsible Regulation (Environmental Law Institute, 2004).

97-98

The allegory of the deck chairs. Heinrich Popitz, Phänomene der Macht (Tübingen, 1986), cited in Silke Helfrich, Rainer Kuhlen, Wolfgang Sachs and Christian Siefkes, The Commons – Prosperity by Sharing [report], Heinrich Boell Foundation, 2010, available as pdf file at http://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/20101029_Commons_Prosperity_by_Sharing.pdf

99

Blackstone quotation. Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England in Four Books. Notes selected from the editions of Archibold, Christian, Coleridge, Chitty, Stewart, Kerr, and others, Barron Field’s Analysis, and Additional Notes, and a Life of the Author by George Sharswood. In Two Volumes. (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1893). Vol. 1 - Books I & II. Chapter 1: Of Property, In General, at http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1278&Itemid=262.

99

On the malleability of property rights. There are many treatises that one could read on this subject, but here are five volumes that I have found useful: Carol M. Rose,Property and Persuasion: Essays on the History, Theory and Rhetoric of Ownership (Westview Press, 1994); Stuart Banner,American Property: A History of How, Why and What We Own (Harvard University Press, 2011); Margaret Jane Radin,Reinterpreting Property (University of Chicago Press, 1993); Eduardo Moisés Peñalver and Sonia K. Katyal, Property Outlaws: How Squatters, Pirates and Protesters Improve the Law of Ownership (Yale University Press, 2010); and Joseph William Singer, Entitlement: The Paradox of Property (Yale University Press, 2000).

99

Land as a fictional commodity. Besides consulting Polanyi on this topic (see citation for page 78), see a hilarious treatment of this in Theodore Steinberg, Slide Mountain, or the Folly of Owning Nature (University of California Press, 1996).

100

Gerrard Winstanley quotation. Christopher Hill, editor, ’The Law of Freedom’ and Other Writings (Cambridge University Press, 1973/2006), p. 99.

100

Goethe poem. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, “Catechism,” translated by Silke Helfrich and included in David Bollier and Silke Helfrich, editors, The Wealth of the Commons: A World Beyond Market and State (Levellers Press, 2012), p. 112.

101

Copyright over MLK’s “I Have a Dream” speech. See, e.g., Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc., 194 F.3d 1211 (1999). David Firestone, “Tears and a Confession from Another Dr. King,” New York Times, January 16, 2001, at http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/16/us/tears-and-a-confession-from-another-rev-king.html.

104-106

John Locke and property rights. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1690).

107

The engineering of scarcity. Wolfgang Hoeschele, The Economics of Abundance: A Political Economy of Freedom, Equity and Sustainability (Gower, 2010). See also “A Conversation with Brian Davey, Roberto Verzola and Wolfgang Hoeschele,” on The Abundance of the Commons,” in Bollier and Helfrich, editors, The Wealth of the Commons (Levellers Press, 2012), pp. 102-113, at http://wealthofthecommons.org/essay/abundance-commons.

107

Rousseau quotation. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men and A Dissertation On the Origin and Foundation of the Inequality of Mankind. Translation by G.D.H. Cole, at http://www.constitution.org/jjr/ineq.htm.

108

The deficiencies of the price system. The rising dissatisfaction with Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as the default measure of national progress is evidence, writ large, of the deficiencies of the price system. This is a growing literature. See an early analysis, Clifford Cobb et al., “If the GDP Is UP, Why is America So Down,” Atlantic Monthly, October 1995, p. 59, at http://www.theatlantic.com/past/politics/ecbig/gdp.htm; and Eyal Press, “Beyond GDP,” The Nation, May 2, 2011, pp. 24-26.

108-109

Genuine Progress Indicator and GDP. Ida Kubiszewski et al., “Beyond GDP: Measuring and Achieving Global Genuine Progress,” Ecological Economics 93 (2013), pp. 57-68, at http://www.academia.edu/3636103/Beyond_GDP_Measuring_and_Achieving_Global_Genuine_Progress; and Robert Costanza et al., “Time to Leave GDP Behind,” 505 Nature (January 16, 2014), pp. 283-287, at http://www.nature.com/news/development-time-to-leave-gdp-behind-1.14499.

109

John Ruskin and “illth.” Peter Barnes has re-popularized this term, especially in his book Capitalism 3.0: A Guide to Reclaiming the Commons (Berrett-Koehler, 2006).

114

Open access scholarly publishing. The Wikipedia entry for “open access” has a good overview of the history and state of OA, at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access. For a listing of open access publishers, go to Scholarly Open Access, at http://scholarlyoa.com/publishers for a listing of OA journals, go to the Directory of Open Access Journals, at http://www.doaj.org. There is now an Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association, at http://oaspa.org. The Open Educational Resources movement is quite diverse, but a good place to learn more is the OER Commons, at http://www.oercommons.org.

115

Digital sharecropping. See, e.g., David Bollier, “When Digital Communities Become Ghost Towns,” Bollier.org, August 24, 2009, at http://bollier.org/when-web-communities-become-ghost-towns.

115

Yochai Benkler quotation. Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom (Yale University Press, 2006), p. 63.

116-119

Richard Stallman and the history of free software. This is a large and diverse literature on this topic, but here are five volumes that I have found helpful: E. Gabriella Coleman,Coding Freedom: The Ethics and Aesthetics of Hacking (Princeton, 2013); and Christopher M. Kelty,Two Bits: The Cultural Significance of Free Software (Duke University Press, 2008).Glyn Moody, Rebel Code: Inside Linux and the Open Source Revolution (Perseus, 2001); Steven Weber, The Success of Open Source (Harvard University Press, 2004); and Sam Williams, Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman’s Crusade for Free Software (O’Reilly, 2002).

119-120

Lawrence Lessig and Creative Commons. David Bollier, Viral Spiral: How the Commoners Created a Digital Republic of Their Own (New Press, 2009). See also Creative Commons website, at http://www.creativecommons.org.

121

Harvard University and its open access resolution. See Harvard University Faculty Advisory Council, “Memorandum on Journal Pricing: Major Periodical Subscriptions Cannot BE Sustained,” April 12, 2012, at http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k77982&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup143448.

122-123

Community College Consortium for Open Educational Resources . Website: http://oerconsortium.org.

123

OpenCourseWare. MIT OpenCourseWare: http://ocw.mit.edu/courses. OpenCourseWare Consortium: http://www.ocwconsortium.org.

123

Open design. Bas van Abel, Lucas Evers et al. Open Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive (Amsterdam: Bis Publishers, 2011), also available at http://opendesignnow.org.

123

Open Prosthetics Project. Website: http://www.openprosthetics.org.

123

Wikispeed project. Website: http://www.wikispeed.org

124

Open Source Ecology and OHANDA. Website: http://opensourceecology.org. Website for Open Source Hardware and Design Alliance: http://www.ohanda.org.

124

Crisis Commons. Website: http://www.crisiscommons.org.

124

Eco-digital commons. “Participatory sensing” and “citizen science” are two growing systems for crowd-sourced knowledge-creation and –maintenance. See, e.g., Jeffrey Goldman et al., “Participatory Sensing: A Citizen-Powered Approach to Illuminating the Patterns that Shape Our World,” (Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2009), at http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/participatory_sensing.pdf. See also websites for butterfly counts (North American Butterfly Association) and rare bird reporting (Rarebirds.com). There are a number of citizen-science groups such as Citizen Science Alliance, SciStarter.com and NASA’s program for citizen scientists (http://science.nasa.gov/citizen-scientists).

124-125

Linz, Austria’s Open Information Commons. Thomas Gegenhuber, Naumi Haque and Stefan Pawel, “From Blue-Collar to Open Commons Region: How Linz, Austria, Has Benefited from Committing to the Commons,” in Bollier & Helfrich, editors, The Wealth of the Commons, pp. 311-313, at http://wealthofthecommons.org/essay/blue-collar-open-commons-region-how-linz-austria-has-benefited-committing-commons. See also Open Data Linz at http://www.data.linz.gv.at.

125-126

The rise of the Pirate Parties. See, e.g., “Pirate Parties International” entry, Wikipedia, at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_Parties_International. See also Rick Falkvinge’s website: http://falkvinge.net/category/pirate-parties.

126

The surprise defeat of ACTA. One commentary: Miranda Neubauer, “How Activists Coordinated European Opposition to ACTA,” Techpresident, June 20, 2012, at http://techpresident.com/news/22311/germany-activists-help-coordinate-europe-wide-anti-acta-protests.

128

Subsistence commons. Veronika Bennholdt-Thomsen, “Subsistence: Perspective for a Society Based on Commons,” in Bollier & Helfrich, editors, The Wealth of the Commons, pp. 82-86, at http://wealthofthecommons.org/essay/subsistence-perspective-society-based-commons. See also Mies, Maria and Veronika Bennholdt-Thomsen, The Subsistence Perspective: Beyond the Globalised Economy (London: Zed Books, 1999); and Tony Waters, The Persistence of Subsistence: Life Beneath the Level of the Marketplace(Lexington Books, 2008).

129

Acequias in New Mexico. See, e.g., Stanley G. Crawford, Mayordomo: Chronicle of an Acequia in Northern New Mexico (University of New Mexico Press, 1988); and Sylvia Rodriguez, Acequia: Water Sharing, Sanctity and Place (School of American Research Press, 2007).

129

Two billion people depend on commons for subsistence. International Association for the Study of the Commons, press release from 12^th Biennial Conference, Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, England, July 14-18, 2008. See also the statement by the International Land Coalition, “Securing the Commons: Securing Property, Securing Livelihoods,” at http://www.landcoalition.org/global-initiatives/securing-commons, taken from a report, “Securing Common Property Regimes in a Globalizing World,” [pdf document] at http://www.landcoalition.org/sites/default/files/publication/24/ilc_securing_common_property_regimes_e.pdf.

130

Potato Park in Peru. Homepage of Potato Park: http://www.parquedelapapa.org. Alejandro Argumedo, “The Potato Park, Peru: Conserving Agrobiodiversity in an Andean Indigenous Biocultural Heritage Area,” in Thora Amend et al, editors, Protected Landscapes and Agrobiodiversity Values (2008). See also Satoyama Initiative to United Nations University Institute of Advances Studies, “The Ayllu System of the Potato Park, Peru,” at http://satoyama-initiative.org/en/case_studies-2/area_americas-2/the-ayllu-system-of-the-potato-park-cusco-peru.

131

Traditional Knowledge. Elan Abrell, Natural Justice [South African organization], “Implementing a Traditional Knowledge Commons: Opportunities and Challenges” [report], December 2009.

131

Traditional Knowledge Digital Library. Website: http://www.tkdl.res.in.

131

Natural Justice and “biocultural community protocols.” Natural Justice, “Bio-Cultural Community Protocols: A Community Approach to Ensuring the Integrity of Environmental Law and Policy” [report], October 2009, at http://naturaljustice.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/BCPs_community_approach2009.pdf

132

Rebecca Tsosie quotation. Rebecca Tsosie, “Tribal Environmental Policy in an Era of Self-Determination: The Role of Ethics, Economics, and Traditional Ecological Knowledge,” 21 Vermont Law Review (1996), p. 276.

132

N. Bruce Duthu quotation. N. Bruce Duthu, “The Recognition of Intergenerational Ecological Rights and Duties in Native American Law,” at in Burns Weston & Tracy Bach, “Recalibrating the Law of Humans with the Laws of Nature: Climate Change, Human Rights and Intergenerational Justice, Appendix A (Vermont Law School, 2009), available http://bollier.org/sites/default/files/misc-file- upload/files/Law%20of%20the%20Ecological%20Commons%20chapter.pdf (pp. 35-40 of document)

132-133

Bolivia’s UN proposal for “nature’s rights.” Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mother Earth, Climate & Capitalism, at http://climateandcapitalism.com/?p=2268.

133

Time Banking. TimeBanks USA website: http://timebanks.org.

133

Blood and organ donation systems. Two fascinating books about the changing attitudes towards markets for human organs and other body parts: Catherine Waldby and Robert Mitchell, Tissue Economies: Blood, Organs and Cell Lines in Late Capitalism (Duke University Press, 2006); and Melinda Cooper, Life As Surplus: Biotechnology & Capitalism in the Neoliberal Era (University of Washington Press, 2008).

134

Lewis Hyde book. Lewis Hyde, The Gift: Imagination and the Erotic Life of Property (Vintage Books, 1979).

135

CouchSurfing. Website: http://www.couchsurfing.org. In 2011, CouchSurfing had acquire more than two million members and needed to raise money to provide basic infrastructure to its network and to pay back taxes as a nonprofit. To do so, the nonprofit converted to a corporation and raised $15 million from venture capitalists, a move that changed its character and revenue needs dramatically. One account of this transformation, by Roy Marvelous, is here: https://medium.com/pop-of-culture/d31466650b5a.

135

“Policies for a Shareable City.” Shareable.net, “Policies for a Shareable City: A Sharing Economy Policy Primer for Urban Leaders,” May 7, 2013, at http://www.shareable.net/blog/new-report-policies-for-shareable-cities. For an overview, see http://www.shareable.net/blog/policies-for-a-shareable-city.

135

Naples, Italy, and commons. David Bollier, “The Mayor of Naples Champions the Commons,” Bollier.org, January 30, 2012, at http://bollier.org/mayor-naples-champions-commons. At the Economics and the Commons Conference in Berlin in May 2013, Italian law professor Ugo Mattei described his experience in attempting to remunicipalize the water system of Naples, Italy. Mattei and his commoner-colleagues didn’t just want to regain public control of the water system; they wanted to institute new forms of commons-based management. His key talk, in the stream, “Management of Natural Commons,” is here: http://commonsandeconomics.org.

135-136

Occupation of Teatro Valle, Rome, Italy. David Bollier, “Occupations in Rome Defend the Rights of Commoners,” Bollier.org, February 20, 2013, at http://bollier.org/blog/occupations-rome-defend-rights-commoners. See also Donatella Della Ratta, “’Occupy’ the commons,”Al Jazeera English, February 20, 2013, at http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/02/2013217115651557469.html.

136

P2P Urbanism. Nios A. Salingaros and Federico Mena-Quintero, “P2P Urbanism: Backed by Evidence,” in Bollier & Helfrich, editors, The Wealth of the Commons (2012, pp. 428-433, also available at http://wealthofthecommons.org/essay/p2p-urbanism-backed-evidence.

137

The “divine right of capital.” Marjorie Kelly, The Divine Right of Capital: Dethroning the Corporate Aristocracy (Berrett-Koehler, 2002).

137-138

Cecosesola. Central Cooperative for Social Services of Lara, in Venezuela. Wikipedia entry, “Cecosesola,” at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecosesola.

138-139

Biocultural community protocols. See citation for page 131.

139

Democratizing Innovation. Eric von Hippel, Democratizing Innovation (MIT Press, 2006), available at http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm.

140

Commons-creating peer production. Silke Helfrich introduced this concept at the Economics and the Commons Conference in Berlin in May 2013, in her talk, “Economics and Commons?! Towards a Commons-Creating Peer Economy,” at http://commonsandeconomics.org.

141

State trustee commons. Burns H. Weston and David Bollier, Green Governance: Ecological Survival, Human Rights and the Law of the Commons (Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 192, 194, and 242-243.

142

Mining on US public lands. See citations for page 39.

142

Alaska Permanent Fund. Website: http://www.apfc.org. See Wikipedia entry at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Permanent_Fund. See also Karl Widerquist and Michael W. Howard, editors, Alaska’s Permanent Fund Dividend: Examining Its Suitability as a Model (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012). See also Peter Barnes’ proposed adaptation of the idea in his Who Owns the Sky? Our Common Assets and the Future of Capitalism (Island Press, 2001).

143

NASA citizen-science program. Website: http://science.nasa.gov/citizen-scientists.

143

Peer to Patent Project. Website: http://www.peertopatent.org

143

Green Governance. Burns H. Weston and David Bollier, Green Governance: Ecological Survival, Human Rights and the Law of the Commons (Cambridge University Press, 2013).

145

Triarchy proposed by Michael Bauwens. Bauwens elaborates on his idea of a Market/State/Commons triarchy and “Partner State” here: http://p2pfoundation.net/Partner_State. http://p2pfoundation.net/Partner_State

147-149

Darwinian evolution and the “free market” narrative. These pages derive from Andreas Weber, Enlivenment: Towards a Fundamental Shift in the Concepts of Nature, Culture and Politics, at http://www.boell.de/en/content/enlivenment, and from personal conversations with Weber. See also the author’s website: www.autor-andreas-weber.de, and his talk at the Economics and the Commons Conference, in Berlin, May 22-24, 2013, at http://commonsandeconomics.org.

150

NATO’s conception of the commons. David Bollier, “Global Enclosures in the Service of Empire,” in Bollier & Helfrich, The Wealth of the Commons (2012), pp. 212-213, and available at http://wealthofthecommons.org/essay/global-enclosures-service-empire.

151-152

James Quilligan quotation. James B. Quilligan, “Toward a Common Theory of Value, Part I: Common Being,”Kosmos journal, fall/winter 2011, pp. 37-43, and available at http://www.kosmosjournal.org. See also James B. Quilligan, “Why Distinguish Commons Goods from Public Goods,” in Bollier & Helfrich, The Wealth of the Commons (2012), pp. 73-81, and available at http://wealthofthecommons.org/essay/why-distinguish-common-goods-public-goods.

152

Peter Linebaugh quotation. Peter Linebaugh, “Some Principles of the Commons,” Counterpunch, January 8-10, 2010, available at http://www.counterpunch.org/2010/01/08/some-principles-of-the-commons.

153

The San people of the Kalahari Desert. Viviana Munoz Tellez, “Recognising the Traditional Knowledge of the San People: The Hoodia Case of Benefit-Sharing,” at http://www.ipngos.org/NGO%20Briefings/Hoodia%20case%20of%20benefit%20sharing.pdf. See also the Indigenous Knowledge Project video at http://indigenousknowledgeproject.org/plants/hoodia-gordonii.

154

Marianne Maeckelbergh quotations. Marianne Maeckelbergh, “The Practice of Unknowing, STIR magazine (UK), Spring 2011, at http://stirtoaction.com/the-practice-of-unknowing. For additional material along this line, see also Maeckelbergh, The Will of the Many: How the Alterglobalisation Movement is Changing the Face of Democracy (Pluto Press, 2009).

154

Daniel Nettle and Suzanne Romaine quotation. Daniel Nettle and Suzanne Romaine, Vanishing Voices: The Extinction of the World’s Languages (Oxford University Press, 2000). Quotation is from the book description at http://users.ox.ac.uk/~romaine/vvoices.html.

155

Wendell Berry quotation. Wendell Berry, “The Purpose of a Coherent Community,” Speech tothe National Preservation Conference of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, Louisville, Kentucky, September 29, 2004.

156

Wendell Berry quotation. Wendell Berry, The Art of the Commonplace: The Agrarian Essays of Wendell Berry (Counterpoint, 2003).

158

System for Rice Intensification. Website: http://sri.ciifad.cornell.edu.

158

Guassa Community-Based Conservation Area. The United Nations Development Programme issued a case study of the Guassa Community-Based Conservation Area, available at (pdf file) http://www.cbd.int/undb/countries/un/undb-undp-eqi-ethiopia.pdf. The International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (UIAA) recognized the Area in its 2013 Mountain Protection Award: http://mountainprotection.theuiaa.org/initiatives/11-Biodiversity_Conservation/11-Ecotourism_project_in_Afro_Alpine_areas_of_Ethiopia

158-159

Buen vivir. Heinrich Boell Foundation (Berlin) report, Buen Vivir: Latin America’s New Concepts for the Good Life and the Rights of Nature (July 22, 2011), available at http://www.boell.de/en/content/buen-vivir-latin-americas-new-concepts-good-life-and-rights-nature. See also Oliver Balch, “Buen Vivir: The Social Philosophy Inspiring Movements in South America,” The Guardian (UK), February 4, 2013, at http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/blog/buen-vivir-philosophy-south-america-eduardo-gudynas.

160

Green Governance. Burns H. Weston and David Bollier, Green Governance: Ecological Survival, Human Rights and the Law of the Commons (Cambridge University Press, 2013).

163

TCP/IP protocols as a model for communications. The importance of the TCP/IP protocols in the evolution of the Internet – by enabling end-to-end connectivity and therefore heterogeneity and decentralization in network systems – are described in two histories of the Internet: Janet Abbate, Inventing the Internet (MIT Press, 1999); and M. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream machine: J.C.R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal (Viking, 2001).

164

Ugo Mattei quotation. Ugo Mattei, “First Thoughts for a Phenomenology of the Commons,” in Bollier & Helfrich, The Wealth of the Commons (2012), p. 42, and available at http://wealthofthecommons.org/essay/first-thoughts-phenomenology-commons.

164-165

Maarten Hajer quotation. Maartan Hajer, “Policy without Polity? Policy Analysis and the Institutional Void,” 36 Policy Science (2003), p. 175, available as a pdf file at http://maartenhajer.nl/upload/HAJER%20Policy%20without%20Polity.pdf.

168

Mark Lakeman and City Repair. City Repair website: http://www.cityrepair.org. Make Lakeman website: http://marklakeman.net.

168

Rajendra Singh. Wikipedia entry, “Rajendra Singh,” at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Singh

168

Hackerspaces and FabLabs. See, e.g., http://www.hackerspaces.org and Wikipedia entry, “Fab Lab,” at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fab_lab.

168

Silke Helfrich quotation. See citation for page 140.

169

International Commons Conference, 2010. ICC Website: http://www.boell.de/en/node/277225.

169

Economics and the Commons Conference, 2013. ECC Website: http://commonsandeconomics.org. Conference webpages on Heinrich Boell Foundation website: http://www.boell.de/en/wirtschaft-soziales-commons-landingpage-englisch. Report on ECC: http://www.boell.de/en/2013/10/25/economics-and-commons-conference-report.

169

Global developments on the commons. The recent history is still happening so quickly that it has not really been synthesized. However, the Epilogue to Bollier & Helfrich, The Wealth of the Commons (2012), is useful, at http://wealthofthecommons.org/essay/epilogue. Also, Silke Helfrich and Michel Bauwens prepared a Timeline of recent landmarks in commons movement history; and Michel Bauwens prepared a list of “Most Important P2P-Related Projects and Trends in 2013.” See Bollier’s blog post on these at http://www.bollier.org/blog/reflecting-recent-history-commons; and see Helfrich’s list here: http://commonsblog.wordpress.com/2014/01/17/recent-landmarks-in-the-growing-commons-movement; and Bauwens’ list here: http://p2pfoundation.net/Most_Important_P2P_Projects_of_2013.

173-174

Etymology of commons. Alain Lipietz, “Questions About Commons,” (French, “Questions sur les ‘biens communs,’ Intervention au débat de la foundation Heinrich Boell, FSM de Bélem, Janvier, 2009), at http://lipietz.net/spip.php?article2344.